中国古代人民的家具设计的智慧
明代是我国家具史上最辉煌的时期,其风格也是中国古典家具的最高标准,一直被追捧。明代家具从工艺、造型、装饰等艺术风格和价值上来讲都有其独特的历史意义,独树一帜、自成体系。1.明式家具装饰艺术 (1)装饰部位明末清初,是我国传统家具的黄金时代,这个时期的家具造型简练,装饰风格清新自然,与家具结构相辅相成、浑然一体。 明式家具没有过多繁缛的装饰,仅在横材和立柱的端头、腿足、牙板、靠背、券口和挡板等部位做一些简单的装饰。其作用在于用于掩盖一些因为建筑构架而不可避免的缺陷。
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(2)装饰手法明代的装饰手法主要有雕刻装饰、镶嵌装饰和铜件装饰等几种。明代家具擅长利用木构架结体的每一个部件进行艺术加工,来加强家具主体的效果。在镶嵌手法方面,明式家具运用较多的是嵌木装饰和嵌大理石装饰。镶嵌讲究的是锦上添花而不是喧宾夺主,镶嵌的材料应该与家具浑然一体,而不是刻意镶嵌上去的,如同木材本身“生”出来的一样。明式家具的镶嵌装饰是为了配合家具结构而设计的,而不像清式家具的镶嵌是为了讲究材料和注重主人身份而做的。
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明式家具还采用金属饰件的装饰手法。这些金属饰件有合页、面叶、包脚、钮头、吊牌和吊环等数种,形式雅致,既着眼于实用又起到美化的作用。不同的金属饰件应用在不同的家具上面,并与家具有机地结合起来,金属材质的美与木质的美结合起来,使得平凡的家具表面大放异彩。
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(3)装饰内容和题材明式家具的装饰内容和题材是在继承历代优秀纹样的基础上推陈出新的,其装饰内容和题材大致有:以龙纹、麒麟纹和螭虎纹为代表的神兽类纹样;以瑞象、虎、鹿和狮等表示祥瑞的动物类纹样;凤凰、鹤、鸳鸯和蝙蝠等一些飞禽表示吉祥如意;松、梅、竹、兰、灵芝、牡丹、菊花和缠枝纹为主的植物类纹样;还有以中国传统装饰图案为题材的回纹、几何纹、方胜纹、博古纹和万字纹等。另外,中国的神话故事也常被运用到家具上,如: 五岳真形图、八仙纹和三国演义故事纹等。各个纹样都刻画得栩栩如生,仿佛一副画附在了家具上,让人感觉家具不仅是一件生活用品,更像一件艺术品。
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(4)明式家具的突出成就明代家具的突出成就体现在家具的比例尺度与人体各部分关系的协调上,很符合现代设计中的人机工程学原理,它是一种集艺术性、科学性、实用性于一体的传统工艺品。
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